With repeated exposure to addictive substances the tolerance level of body receptors increases. Consequently the receptors respond to higher doses of the substance leading to greater intake and addiction.

Malaria is a vector borne disease that spreads by biting of the female Anopheles mosquito.

Vaccines help in producing memory cells in the body which can be stored and provide immunity when the body comes in contact with the pathogen again.

Normal cells have the property of contact inhibition due to which cells stop dividing when they come in contact with one another. Cancer cells appears to have lost this property, as a result they show uncontrolled division.

In radiotherapy, genes of the cells are damaged by radiations so cells stop dividing.

The female mosquito takes up gametocytes when it bites an infected person.

Plague is transmitted by rat fleas (Xenopsylla)

Widal test is a confirmatory test for typhoid.

The thymus gland is located near the heart beneath the breast bone.

Antibodies are the macromolecules of protein.

Common cold is due to rhinovirus. Antibiotics do not kill viruses as they are directed against bacteria, fungi etc.

CMI causes rejection of graft.

Anamnestic response is a name given to secondary response which occurs due to secondary exposure to a pathogen.

Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, while plague is caused by Pasteurella pestis.

Cancerous cells can easily be destroyed by radiations due to rapid cell division.

The body gets conditioned to the use of drugs and hence in its absence will show withdrawal symptoms like anxiety,nausea and sweating.

Skin has a metabolic function to prevent non-resident bacteria from developing.

Thymus is a primary lymphoid organ where immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen sensitive lymphocytes.

Hay fever is caused due to pollen grains and is an allergic reaction . Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of an autoimmune disease, cancer is a metabolic disorder while hepatitis is a microbial disease.

The symptoms of malaria are shown because of release of a toxin haemozoin. This is released when the RBC is ruptured.

B lymphocytes recognise the antigen with the help of the antibody on its surface and present the processed antigen on the B cell. Then T-lymphocytes recognise the processed anitgen on B cell and activate B-Lymphocytes to produce plasma cells that generate antibodies. T-lymphocytes only activate B cells. Monocytes and neutrophils are not involved in the production of antibodies.

Hepatitis vaccine contain hepatitis B surface antigens and is cloned (rDNA technology) and expressed in yeast cells which is a fungus.

There are three main types-cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells and suppressor T-cells

Colostrum is the yellowish fluid secreted by the mother in the intial days of lactation and it is rich in IgA.

The causal organism for elephantiasis is Wuchereria, which is a helminthes/nematoda. It is also called filarial worm.

For completing its lifecycle the malarial parasite requires two hosts-man and female Anopheles mosquito and the primary host- female Anopheles mosquito is also called vector.The mosquito thus acts as both the host and the vector.

Cellular oncogenes when activated lead to transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells.

Morphine is a sedative and a painkiller, useful for patients who have undergone surgeries.

The HIV virus is a retrovirus having a protein coat and a single stranded RNA.